Chebyshevs Inequality in Probability

Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1-1/K2 of data from a sample must fall within K standard deviations from the mean (here K is any positive real number greater than one). Any data set that is normally distributed, or in the shape of a bell curve, has several features. One of them deals with the spread of the data relative to the number of standard deviations from the mean. In a normal distribution, we know that 68% of the data is one standard deviation from the mean, 95% is two standard deviations from the mean, and approximately 99% is within three standard deviations from the mean. But if the data set is not distributed in the shape of a bell curve, then a different amount could be within one standard deviation. Chebyshev’s inequality provides a way to know what fraction of data falls within K standard deviations from the mean for any data set. Facts About the Inequality We can also state the inequality above by replacing the phrase â€Å"data from a sample† with probability distribution. This is because Chebyshev’s inequality is a result from probability, which can then be applied to statistics. It is important to note that this inequality is a result that has been proven mathematically. It is not like the empirical relationship between the mean and mode, or the rule of thumb that connects the range and standard deviation. Illustration of the Inequality To illustrate the inequality, we will look at it for a few values of K: For K 2 we have 1 – 1/K2 1 - 1/4 3/4 75%. So Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 75% of the data values of any distribution must be within two standard deviations of the mean.For K 3 we have 1 – 1/K2 1 - 1/9 8/9 89%. So Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 89% of the data values of any distribution must be within three standard deviations of the mean.For K 4 we have 1 – 1/K2 1 - 1/16 15/16 93.75%. So Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 93.75% of the data values of any distribution must be within two standard deviations of the mean. Example Suppose we have sampled the weights of dogs in the local animal shelter and found that our sample has a mean of 20 pounds with a standard deviation of 3 pounds. With the use of Chebyshev’s inequality, we know that at least 75% of the dogs that we sampled have weights that are two standard deviations from the mean. Two times the standard deviation gives us 2 x 3 6. Subtract and add this from the mean of 20. This tells us that 75% of the dogs have weight from 14 pounds to 26 pounds. Use of the Inequality If we know more about the distribution that we’re working with, then we can usually guarantee that more data is a certain number of standard deviations away from the mean. For example, if we know that we have a normal distribution, then 95% of the data is two standard deviations from the mean. Chebyshev’s inequality says that in this situation we know that at least 75% of the data is two standard deviations from the mean. As we can see in this case, it could be much more than this 75%. The value of the inequality is that it gives us a â€Å"worse case† scenario in which the only things we know about our sample data (or probability distribution) is the mean and standard deviation. When we know nothing else about our data, Chebyshev’s inequality provides some additional insight into how spread out the data set is. History of the Inequality The inequality is named after the Russian mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, who first stated the inequality without proof in 1874. Ten years later the inequality was proved by Markov in his Ph.D. dissertation. Due to variances in how to represent the Russian alphabet in English, it is Chebyshev also spelled as Tchebysheff.

GB511C Strategic Resources Management Final Exam Essay

GB511C Strategic Resources Management: Final Exam Adam J. Franco Norwich University Professor Laurette Brady November 16, 2013 Manufacturing today includes all facets of research, development, production, sales, distribution, logistics, customer service, marketing, and support. It extends from the making of physical products to the delivery of services (Deloitte, 2013). Manufacturing companies now compete on a global scale and utilize specific locations around the world to their advantage. For instance, basic, simple to make products will be produced in an area with cheap, low education labor. While products that use high tech machinery that require a skilled labor force would need to be produced†¦show more content†¦For this manufacturing company they would have to produce their high-end items in the United States and would probably benefit from establishing their headquarters in the US as well. The security and elaborate IT infrastructure of the United States will increase their ability to command and control their global operations in Mexico, Turkey, and France. Mexico Mexico is the United States’ second-largest export market and third-largest trading partner. Many large global companies have chosen to locate significant manufacturing operations in Mexico, particularly along the U.S. Mexican border (TACNA, 2013). Mexico is in a strategic location to large US consumer base. Many US companies manufacture their goods in Mexico and use trade agreements and established distribution channels to flood the American market. The human capital in Mexico has significant advantages to a manufacturing company. Their labor cost are about 25% lower then the United States, and the laborers work a standard 48 hours work week (TACNA, 2013). In the last couple of decades, Mexico has dramatically increased its numbers of university and technical schools. This investment in education instills confidence that a technically capable workforce will only grow in size in the future. Organizational capital in Mexico is not as significant a hurdle as in other locations. One of the biggest miscalculations that Western business people make when dealing with Asian cultures is the huge culture gap. â€Å"In

Belonging to Culture Free Essays

People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ by Gurinder Chadha. The main scenes that portray this statement are the engagement scene, pre-wedding scene and the wedding scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging to Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement is also shown in the related text ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. In the film, various techniques are used such as long shots, full shots and panning. In the related text the techniques used are a metaphor, listing, contrast and emotive words. In the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ the engagement scene starts off with a long shot of the outside of Jessminder’s house. The house is decorated with lights and lighting is a technique used to make the house stand out. After that there is a high angle/close up shot of the food. The foods are colourful and bright. Bright colours are festive and symbolises happy occasions. Costume is another technique. Everyone is wearing the same sort of clothing and they are colourful. This shows that they belong to the Indian culture. The full/long shot of the room and the people sitting next to each other shows sense of belonging to their culture. This scene also explores gender roles. The males were sitting down, eating and talking to others whilst Jess was walking around offering food to the guests. A woman tells Jess â€Å"it will be your turn soon. † This means that she is expected to marry an Indian man just like every other Indian woman. These values and traditions are aspects of their Sikh Indian culture and Jess is expected to follow them. People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. We also see this in the pre-wedding preparation scene. In this scene we see everyone sitting together again. Gender roles are explored in this scene as well. All the women are sitting next to each other around a table making samosas. A full shot is a technique used in this scene. This shows belonging to their culture because they are all celebrating harmoniously. There are alternations used between the Indian and British culture to show contrast between the two cultures. There is an overhead shot of the Bhamra’s backyard and their neighbours backyard. The Bhamra’s backyard is colourful, active and bright while their neighbours backyard is quiet, dull and empty. There are alternations used between Jess preparing for the wedding and her team training for the finals. This shows that she is caught between two cultures. Music is a technique used. The music is sad and so is Jess. Her facial expressions show us that she is not interested in what’s going on around her. She takes down her David Beckham poster and this shows that she is giving up on soccer. People feel a strong belonging to their culture however some people can feel caught between two cultures. Another text that that shows people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture is the poem ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. This poem is about a Greek woman who moves into Australia but does not want to integrate. The metaphor â€Å"she brought her country with her in packing cases† tells us that she has brought ornaments of her country with her because she feels strongly about her culture. She does not want to integrate because she is scared of losing her own culture. At her home in Australia, she listens to Greek music, speaks Greek with her granddaughter and this shows she feels strongly about her culture. Another technique used in this poem is listing. First there is a listing of all the Greek items and then there is a listing of Australian items. This shows contrast between two cultures. Her granddaughter listens to western music, speaks English and eats Australian food. â€Å"Her grandchild†¦has eaten corned-beef, cornflakes†¦another tongue, her future. † This quote tells us her granddaughter has found it quite easy to integrate whereas â€Å"the land gave way, she arranged it to her liking,† shows the grandmother got her way. The use of emotive words such as â€Å"fierce† and â€Å"confrontation† shows that there was a battle between the grandmother and her new environment and she won because she did not integrate. Australia is more malleable than she,† tell us Australia was manipulated because the grandmother did not give up. She kept to her culture. Not only do people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture but they can experience cultural clash. In conclusion people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham ’ and the poem ‘Integrated. ’ Both of these texts show us people feel strongly about their culture. However they also show us that cultural clashes can arise as well when people feel trapped between two cultures. How to cite Belonging to Culture, Essay examples

Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd . Answer: Introduction The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) is the main legislation which is applicable for the companies in Australia. Through Part 2D.1 of this act, the directors and the officers of the companies have been given certain duties, which have to be fulfilled as a statutory requirement (Latimer, 2012). Apart from this, the commonlaw also imposes certain duties on the directors, which have to be adhered to in a strict manner. The reason for this is that a breach of director duties results in pecuniary penalties, disqualification orders and even attracts criminal liabilities (Cassidy, 2006). Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd (2009) NSWSC 342 was one of the cases where the court concurred that there was the need for mutual cooperation and a particular trust level for running the day to day management of the company in a smooth manner. The court in this stated that the winding up of the company, based on the present circumstances, was merely a remedy to the situation which was present, where the working relationship required trust, confidence and mutual co-operation and these were broken down (Chamberlains, 2017). The following parts analyses this case, particularly in terms of the duties and responsibilities which were contravened. Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd (2009) In this case, the proceedings were related to the activities carried on by the individuals regarding the three companies that had been created and owned by them, i.e., the Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd, herein referred to as IPG, the IP Group Pty Ltd, herein referred to as Group, and the DGN Investments Pty Ltd, herein referred to as DGN, and these three were the defendants of this case, along with the others. In the first company, the shares were held by Marfern Pty Ltd and by the two companies respectively held by Grass and Oliveira. In the latter two companies, Nassar, Grasso and Oliveira were the only directors (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2009a). The allegations which were made in this case were related to thlawe affairs of the company not been conducted in a proper manner as they were contrary to the members interests as a whole, owing to the conduct being unfairly prejudicial or oppressive or unfairly discriminatory particularly against the plaintiffs of this case (McInerney, 2015). Nassar and Marfern made the claim against the two companies in which they were shareholders and Nassar alone made a claim for the company in which Marfern was not a member. The key relief which the plaintiff sought was the three companies to purchase the shares of the plaintiff and the alternative claim was for the company to be wound up (Jade, 2009). Duties/ Responsibilities breached The directors of each and every company owe certain duties towards the shareholders of the companies. This is in particular reference to protection of the minority shareholders, owing to the far reaching remedies which are given to the oppressed minority shareholders (Paolini, 2014). The directors have the duty under section 181 whereby the directors and the key officers of the company have to use their powers and fulfil their obligations for the proper purpose, in good faith and in the best interest of the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). The breach of this section attracts civil penalties under section 1317E of this act (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Derived from this duty is the duty of the directors towards the interests of all the shareholders. The duty towards minority shareholders of the company is enhanced because the minority shareholders do not have the ability of influencing the affairs of the company. Hence, it is important for the directors to act fairly for these shareholders and make it their duty to ensure that the decisions taken by them promote the interest of all the shareholders and the company. In case the directors fail to do so, they not only breach their statutory duties, but also have the risk of being engaged in oppressive conduct, where section 232 and 233 apply (Easton, 2013). The basis of the claim was the oppressive conduct of the management of the company and so, the section 232 and 233 were applied. The statutory jurisdiction which is created under these sections provides a way through which the legal rights can be looked beyond by the court and such action is undertaken which is equitable and just. The partnership between Oliveira and Grasso was a key part which led to the oppression in this case. Though, this claim of the plaintiff could not stand. In order to hold Oliveira and Grasso liable, it was shown before the court that they had failed in taking the requisite steps, which was required on by being the directors of the company. They failed to avoid the conduct which was unfairly discriminatory, unfairly prejudicial or oppressive conduct, which was a mechanistic and simple approach (Jade, 2009). For avoiding these charges, the member on whom the expectation of facilitating the adherence of fair terms has been placed are not required to make immediate detailed offers which are construed in isolation from negotiation and discussion, which could fulfil the criteria of fairness led by lord Hoffmann. It was stated by the court that Nassar had the right to expect a reasonable approach towards a negotiated exist. However, Nassar deliberately chose not to negotiate on reasonable terms of withdrawal. This did not deny the fact that the management was indulged in oppressive conduct. So, not only were there shortcomings in the conduct of the plaintiff also, there was an absence of oppressive conduct in the view of the court after they considered the events which took place in formation of the three companies in which the common directors were present, and the events which took place in late 20007, 2008 and 2009 (Jade, 2009). And yet the directors failed in their directors duties as the court held that the winding up of the company was a just and equitable thing to do, owing to the application made by Nassar pursuant to section 461(I). The directors not only owe a duty of care to the shareholders, but also towards each other. They have a duty to work mutually and with a level of trust towards each other. The breach of this very duty on part of the directors led to the court making a winding up order (Jade, 2009). Decision of Court The court in this case had held that in this case, there had been no breach of section 232 and section 233 which relates to oppressive conduct on part of the management (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2009b). The provisions of section 232 provides that in case the management of the company indulges in unfairly discriminatory, prejudicial or oppressive conduct, then pursuant to section 233, the court can pass an order to ask for the purchase of shares of the minority shareholder, to windup the company, to ask a director to do something or to refrain from doing something and the like (ICNL, 2017). However, for this, section 232 has to be fulfilled. However, the claims of plaintiff fell short on proving this. Had this been successful, the Oliveira and Grasso would have been ordered pursuant to section 233 to purchase the shares of Nassar. As the plaintiff failed in showing that the conduct was oppressive, there was no possibility of the court making an order under section 233 (Jade, 2009). The court in this accepted that by forming their companies, the three participants of this case had the entitlement and the expectation to participate in the daily management of the company. In the views of the court, these three were in such a position owing to the nature and the informality which attended the daily relationships, where there was a need for them to have a level of trust and mutual co-operation. The submission which was made by the three individuals, i.e., between Nassar, Grasso and Oliveira, in this case that they were partners was not accepted by the court. However, there relationship was such where there was a need of certain level of trust and mutual co-operation. The court also stated that they came to be associated together in a form which can be only deemed as quasi-partnership (BRI Ferrier, 2015). However, in this case, the parties had differences which could not be reconciled and due to these reasons, they did not participate in the daily activities of the company, requiring the quasi partnership to end. Considering it as a just and equitable thing to do, the court thus made a winding up order in this case and accepted that winding up, was the typical remedy which could be applied in the situation which was present, in which a working relationship which required trust, confidence and mutual co-operation was shattered. In order to come to the conclusion regarding the exclusion from the daily management of Nassar, the court referred to the breach of understanding regarding the participation of Nassar in the management. The participation had continued till it was abruptly ended in Nov 2007. And in the days to follow, Nassar stopped being active in the management of the company. And this is one of the reasons why Nassar failed to indulge in talks with Grasso and Oliveira, where t he matter could have been resolved with ease (Jade, 2009). As the counsel of both Grasso and Oliveira accepted that this was a classic case for a winding up order to be made on the grounds of the irretrievable breakdown in the relationship which was present between the members, the making up of a winding up order was deemed as a justified thing to do. For coming to this decision, a reference was made to Accurate Financial Consultants Pty Ltd v Koko Black Pty Ltd [2008] VSCA 86; (2008) 66 ACSR 325, where it was stated that winding up is a remedy for such cases where the trust, confidence and mutual co-operation breaks down. This is because equity is not an ordinary order for continuing with the association where the same is futility, and would need a constant supervision; further it would require specific enforcement of personal services. The court, after analysing the case, thus passed an order for the IPG and DGN to be wound up and appointed liquidators for both the companies (Jade, 2009). Impact of Decision This case acts as a key guidance for all the companies in the nation as it presents to them the case where a claim of oppression and mismanagement would fail. This case also clarifies that in such cases where there is a deadlock in the management and there is a breakdown in the corporate relations, the winding up of the company is deemed as a just and equitable thing to do. This power has been aptly given the courts pursuant to section 461(1)(k) of this act (WIPO, 2015). Hence, instead of making a claim of oppressive conduct, or any other matter, the shareholders of the companies could opt for this section and save both time and efforts of the court. Conclusion The case of Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd highlights the complexities which the companies have to face and the manner in which the company can be wound up, when it is deemed as a just and equitable thing to do, even absence of oppressive conduct of the management. This case highlighted the failure on part of Nassar in showing that there had been an incident of oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or unfairly discriminatory conduct, merely because of a deadlock between the management of the company. The directors of the companies not only owe a duty of care towards the shareholders but also towards each other. However, this is not a statutory duty and a commonlaw duty. The only statutory duty which could be applied in this case was the duty of best interest. As the directors failed to come together and work for the company, this duty could be deemed to have been contravened. However, the decision which was made in this case was related to the winding up of the company as th is was deemed as a just and equitable thing to do. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2009a) Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 342 (1 May 2009). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2009/342.html?context=1;query=Nassar%20v%20Innovative%20Precasters%20Group%20Pty%20Ltd [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2009b) Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 513 (10 June 2009). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2009/513.html?context=1;query=Nassar%20v%20Innovative%20Precasters%20Group%20Pty%20Ltd [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ [Accessed on: 07/09/17] BRI Ferrier. (2015) Breakdown in corporate relations: winding up on the just and equitable ground. [Online] BRI Ferrier. Available from: https://briferrier.com.au/news/breakdown-in-corporate-relations-winding-up-on-the-just-and-equitable-ground [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Chamberlains. (2017) Winding up on just and equitable grounds: quasi-partnerships. [Online] Chamberlains. Available from: https://www.chamberlains.com.au/winding-up-on-just-and-equitable-grounds-quasi-partnerships/ [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Easton, M. (2013) Dont forget minority shareholders. [Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2009/342.html?context=1;query=Nassar%20v%20Innovative%20Precasters%20Group%20Pty%20Ltd [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 07/09/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Jade. (2009) Nassar v Innovative Precasters Group Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 342. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/92998 [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. McInerney, A. (2015) Anthony McInerney SC. [Online] New Chambers. Available from: https://www.newchambers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/McInerney-CV-update-February-2017.pdf [Accessed on: 07/09/17] Paolini, A. (2014) Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 07/09/17]

Quote Morrie Schwartz Meaning of Life Devote Yourself to Loving free essay sample

Friends and family, today we all gather here to acknowledge the death of our beloved Morrie Schwartz. Morrie Schwartz was a remarkable person, a loving husband, a caring father and a phenomenal professor. His loving personality has touched the lives of many people around him, including his students, family, and friends. During the time I spent with Morrie he taught me many lessons and gave me guidance toward life, his words significantly changed my perspective on life. I have learned from Morrie, many valuable lessons that we tend to forget as we live our daily lives. I knew Morrie was different as soon as I walked through the doors into Morrie’s classroom. As soon as I walked in through the door I was greeted with Morrie’s special smile. When class started, Right off the bat, Morrie said, â€Å"I hope that one day, you think of me as your friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Quote Morrie Schwartz Meaning of Life Devote Yourself to Loving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † And let me tell you, Morrie was a lot more than just a friend to me. He was my best friend, my mentor, and my coach. Morrie was like no one I’d ever met before. He had a completely different view of life†¦and death. He used to say, â€Å"Once you learn to die, and you’ll learn to live. At first, I didn’t quite understand him but now after he passed away, I believe the meaning of that philosophy is one must accept the possibility of ones own death before they can truly appreciate what they have on earth.Morrie was a strong believer in disregarding popular culture, and living life on our own terms. He used to say, â€Å"sometimes you have to be strong enough to say if the culture doesn’t work, don’t buy it. Create your own. â€Å"He always told us that society shouldn’t be allowed to determine what values you want to follow choose for yourself.Morrie had great communication skills many of us don’t use. When Morrie was with you, he was really with you. He looked you straight in the eye, and he listened as if you were the only person in the world. Morrie also possessed the rare talent to make any situation bright and optimistic. During the painful progress of his illness, there were many embarrassing and unpleasant situations that he was put through, yet he never complained and the atmosphere around him was always rosy and positive. Someone once asked Morrie if he was afraid of being forgotten after he was gone, and I know I speak for everyone present here when I say Morrie was such an amazing personality, that he wouldn’t be forgotten for ages. As Morrie once said, â€Å"Death ends a life, not a relationship.†

The Economic Struggles of Landlocked Countries

The Economic Struggles of Landlocked Countries If a country is landlocked, it is likely to be poor. In fact, most countries that lack coastal access are among the world’s Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and their inhabitants occupy the â€Å"bottom billion† tier of the worlds population in terms of poverty.* Outside Europe, there is not a single successful, highly developed, landlocked country when measured with the  Human Development Index  (HDI), and most of the countries with the lowest HDI scores are landlocked. Export Costs Are High The  United Nations  has an Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States. The UN-OHRLLS holds the view that high transport costs due to distance and terrain detract from landlocked countries’ competitive edge for exports.   Landlocked countries that do attempt to participate in the global economy must contend with the administrative burden of transporting goods through neighboring countries or must pursue costly alternatives to shipping, such as air-freight. The Wealthiest Landlocked Countries However, despite the challenges that most landlocked countries face, a few of the world’s wealthiest countries, when measured by GDP per capita (PPP), happen to be landlocked, including: Luxembourg ($92,400)Liechtenstein ($89,400)Switzerland ($55,200)San Marino ($55,000)Austria ($45,000)Andorra ($37,000) Strong and Stable Neighbors There are several factors that have contributed to the success of these landlocked countries. First, they are simply more geographically fortunate than most other landlocked countries by virtue of being located in Europe, where no country is very far from a coast. Furthermore, the coastal neighbors of these wealthy countries enjoy strong economies, political stability, internal peace, reliable infrastructure and friendly relations across their borders. Luxembourg, for example, is well-connected to the rest of Europe by roads, railways, and airlines and can count on being able to export goods and labor through Belgium, the Netherlands, and France almost effortlessly. In contrast, Ethiopia’s nearest coasts are across borders with Somalia and Eritrea, which are usually beset with political turmoil, internal conflict, and poor infrastructure. The political boundaries that separate countries from coasts are not as meaningful in Europe as they are in the developing world. Small Countries Europe’s landlocked powerhouses also benefit from being smaller countries with longer legacies of independence. Nearly all of the landlocked countries of Africa, Asia, and South America were at one time colonized by European powers that were attracted to their vast size and plentiful natural resources. Even when they gained independence, most landlocked economies remained dependent on natural resource exports. Tiny countries like Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, and Andorra do not have the option of relying on natural resource exports, so they have invested heavily in their financial, technology, and service sectors. To remain competitive in these sectors, wealthy landlocked countries invest heavily in the education of their populations and enact policies that encourage business. International companies like eBay and Skype maintain European headquarters in Luxembourg because of its low taxes and friendly business climate. Poor landlocked countries, on the other hand, have been known to invest very little into education, sometimes in order to protect authoritarian governments, and they are plagued by corruption that keeps their populations poor and bereft of public services – all of which precludes international investment. Helping Landlocked Countries While it may appear that geography has condemned many landlocked countries to poverty, efforts have been made to soften the limitations posed by a lack of sea-access through policy and international cooperation. In 2003, the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries on Transit Transport Cooperation was held in  Almaty, Kazakhstan. Participants designed a Program of Action, recommending that landlocked countries and their neighbors, Reduce customs processes and fees to minimize costs and transport delaysImprove infrastructure with respect to existing preferences of local transport modes, with a focus of roads in Africa and rail in South AsiaImplement preferences for landlocked countries’ commodities to boost their competitiveness in the international marketEstablish relationships between donor countries with landlocked and transit countries for technical, financial, and policy improvements Were these plans to succeed, politically-stable, landlocked countries could feasibly overcome their geographical barriers, as Europe’s landlocked countries have done. * Paudel. 2005, p. 2.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Philosophy - Essay Example In a prevalent information source – the Internet, where everybody everywhere can upload information – how do we know if these information are true or otherwise? These are just some of the highlights of the movie – philosophically. In the following sections, I will discuss several others that have struck a chord in me. On Utilitarianism In short and simple language the principle of utility as a consequentialist theory would say that the action is right when its consequences are right or when it brings about the greater good or pleasure to the greater number. In the movie, the principle of utility was presented but the phrase of â€Å"the greater number† can be argued since the goal was for Mr. Cobb to be with his children again. He was doing something illegal and yet he thinks it is worth it because the people who he is doing the job for can ‘erase his charges’ – the ultimate goal for Mr. Cobb. In another sense this can also be attribute d to Machiavelli’s â€Å"the end justifies the means† – that although he was doing something illegal, this was all going to be worth it once he goes home. The movie ends by showing that he was able to go home and be with his kids. The happiness that he projected is enough to show that what he went through was worth it. Many of us go through with these dilemmas with or without being consciously aware of it. What is good if we are aware of the dilemma is that we are able to make the options and weigh the best options there is for us. But if we are not aware, we might just go right in – as what is shown in the movie. How do you know what is real and what is a dream? This is one question in the movie that presented how one searches for the truth. One of the lines in the movie that may be related to this is â€Å"The smallest seed of an idea can grow. It can define you or destroy you†. Our search for truth can be hard sometimes. The truth about the best diet tips or best dating tips are all over – from the Internet, to the movies, to friends and even maybe one’s own experience. We can claim that this works for us but it may not work for the others. The usual reaction would be to look for another truth or another claim that can be true to us. On the other hand, we can modify some parts of the claim and make it true to us. The ultimate question is â€Å"how do you know it is the truth?† – Mal was plagued with this question and she was entombed in her own reality. Many of us may be trapped in our own realities like the close chance of winning the lottery jackpot, when in fact there is always that statistical chance of 1 to N; or the reality we embrace are perfect and indispensable, but in fact we are vulnerable to diseases; or the reality that we are creative and artistic, when in fact there are others who are more creative than us. We realize the reality of the matter when we fail or when we get sick â₠¬â€œ just like the â€Å"kick† that they get in the movie or when they sense the discrepancies from the reality and the dream state (which is usually painful because really, waking up to the truth can be painful as well). On Existentialism When Ariadne was introduced to the inception, she disliked it but Mr. Cobb commented that â€Å"Reality won’t be enough for her now† – and I was taken aback because it seemed like it can become an

Video game addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Video game addiction - Research Paper Example They end up devaluing other activities like swimming, football, dancing, reading novels among other hobbies one can do during free time. Research has proved that compulsive use of computer and video games is a present-day psychological disorder that medical experts are treating patients on daily basis. This paper analyzes the characteristics and consequences of video game addiction to a person and the society at large. Most teenagers usually like spending most of their siesta playing computer games, which form their number one hobby. Others end up becoming game addicts just out of innocent recreation. Gaming often starts from boredom and the latter pleasure ends up being the reward. Playing provides an alternate reality in which problems are solved and success and reward is possible. (Lemmens,Valkenburg and Peter 56).A good example of an addictive game that is very popular is The Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG) .The gamers of MMORPG forms the group of people that is most susceptible to game addiction. The game is very addictive because it has no ending. Addicts form 9.1% of video game players that play these addictive video games on the internet (Kent 18). The level of addiction varies from one person to another. For instance, kids who easily get bored often develop poor relationships with family members and friend. They also feel out of place while at school, (King and Griffiths 201).201).This is because a void is filled and satisfaction of needs not met elsewhere is achieved. In situations where life becomes stressful gaming actually provides a good avenue of evading from responsibilities and life realities. Video gaming is normally a multi-faceted issue and that is what actually causes the addiction. Especially to the game beginners, the games are usually designed in away to make them addictive. These games are very interesting and this increases the amount of hours people spend playing. Most of them are designed to be very difficult and truly challenging while letting the players to attain minor accomplishments that forces them to continue playing. This design is very similar to that of gambling casinos which permits players to get small ‘wins’ so that they keep playing. Video games have several ‘hooks’ that are in built with the intention to make them more and more addictive. To begin with, The High score is the most recognizable hooks that are found in many games. Struggling to reach the highest mark can have a game player gaming for hours so as to score many points enhancing addiction. Beating the game is a hook that is not found in virtual role-playing games though it is almost all vide games. The drive to win the game is fed as a player moves to the next level or unravels the next hidden clue (Kent 221).This causes the player to make as many trials as possible causing addiction. Role-playing is another hook that allows players to actually craft characters within the game and get on on an exploration that is sole to that particular character. Consequently, there will be a serious emotional attachment to that character, and the whole story, further making it difficult to halt play ing. In addition, discovery tactic is a hook that is often found in the role-playing games. A good example is the World of War craft where a good part of this video game is dedicated towards exploring imaginary worlds (Van Rooij et al. 143).The thrill of innovation of even places that

Poetry Comparing and Contrasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Comparing and Contrasting - Essay Example From the two poems, To His Coy Mistress and Those Winter Sundays, both Marvell and Hayden use narrators as opposed to giving their own thoughts, to portray the prevailing state of affairs. In the case of To His Coy Mistress, Marvell uses the title of the poem to outline the state of affairs of a young man who writes a plea to a young woman. In this case, the young man seduces the young lady to love him. However, Marvell has incorporated the possessive pronoun ‘his’ to describe the young man and his desire to acquire the love of a young mistress. The term ‘coy’ reveals to the audience that it is not possible for the young man to interact with the young woman as she resists his advances. It also refers to the female equivalent of a master. In the poem, the term â€Å"Coy† appears similar to a sweetheart or a lady who the young man is seducing to win her heart. Similarly in his poem Those Winter Sundays, Hayden portrays an adult male speaker who has grow n up, and shows memories regarding how his father showed the love he had for him based on his actions. In particular, the persona remembers how his father used to wake up on Sundays early in the morning to light the furnace fire. He awakened his son after the room was warm enough for him. Line 12 states that the boy’s father polished the â€Å"good shoes† that belonged to his son, an indication that he will take his son to church. This is the case because he used to make his son wear his â€Å"good shoes† on Sunday. Therefore, it is true that the boy’s father took moral upbringing of his boy seriously. For the two personae, the difference between them is evident when in the case of Those Winter Sundays, the persona’s father makes a lot of sacrifice for him, but the boy only realizes later in life that he failed to appreciate his efforts. It is now too late, as the boy cannot go back in time to show appreciation to his father based the sacrificed

Overview Of The Company Almarai Business Essay

Overview Of The Company Almarai Business Essay The founder of Almarai is HH Prince Sultan Bin Mohammed Bin Saudi Al Kabeer who recognized the potential to transform the traditional dairy farming in Saudi Arabia in order to meet the needs of a growing domestic market. Numerous agricultural projects were developed under his guidance to achieve the objective of the company. Almarai stepped into the market with the processing of fresh milk and laban into the modern dairy farms. The Company has invested heavily in technologically advanced production facilities and recruiting the right person for the right job. Almarai is considered to be the second and the larger Central Processing Plant with a new cheese plant along with it. On a daily basis, Almarai is capable of serving high quality and hygienic products to more than 43,500 customers within the GCC countries. In 2005, Almarai moved from being a privately owned Company to a publicly listed company and it has over 70,000 shareholders. In 2007, with the acquisition of Western Bakeries, Almarai expanded its product line to include bakery products which improved distribution, and product innovation. The success of Almarai is because of its unique infrastructure which includes farms, dairy, juice and bakery processing plants. And also it is determined by the marketing and distribution expertise, all of which are working towards delivering a quality product to the consumer. Product / Services Details Juices: Almarai always uses the best fruit to make the juices that the customers love. It maintains good balance between good health and great taste. Home Snacks: Snacks products are the tastier and the simple one which would give relishing taste. Yoghurts and Desserts: Pure and calcium-rich favorites for the entire family. Desserts are made from 100% natural, fresh cows milk. Culinary Products: Almarai provides the tastiest cheeses, and richest creams which makes mothers work easy in the kitchen. Dairy Liquids: There is a complete range of delicious laban and milk based dairy products for the entire family. Kids Products: Kids products prove to be a fun and a healthy bunch for kids. Product Mix and Product Line Product Mix Product Line Juices Home Snacks Yoghurts and Desserts Culinary Products Dairy Liquids Kids Products Mixed Fruit, Strawberry, Alphonso Mango, Orange with Pulp, Orange, Orange and Carrot, Apple, Mango, Mango Mixed Fruit, Fruit Cocktail, Mixed Berry, lemon with Mint, Guava with Pulp. Cream Jar Mix, Cheddar Jar Cheese, Sliced Cheese, Square Cheese Portions, Block Cheddar, Halloumi Cheese. Yoghurt, Fresh Cream, Labneh, Layered fruit Yoghurt, Stirred Fruit Yoghurt, Sterilized Cream, Desserts. Tinned Cheese, Butter, Ghee, Mozzarella Cheese, Feta Cheese, Whipping Cream, Tomato Paste. Fresh laban, Fresh Milk, Flavored Fresh Milk, UHT Milk, Evaporated Milk, Advanced Nutrition. Triangled Cheese, UHT Flavored Milk, Zady Drinking Yoghurt, Zady Flavored Yoghurt, Zady Jelly Custard, Zady Fruit Dairy Snack. Product Strategies Product Strategy is the most important function of a company. Almarai was successful because of its unique blend of state-of-the-art infrastructure which includes farms, production operations and go-to-market system. The company distributes its products annually which covers more than 110 million kilometers in delivering dairy, juice, bakery and poultry products reaching up to 41, 797 customers across six GCC states. Ø Product Differentiation: In 1997, Almarai introduced fresh juice to complement the range of dairy products. Then the company for further expansion into bakery in 2007 with the acquisition of Western Bakeries. In the year 2009, poultry was added through the acquisition with Hail Agricultural Development Company (HADCO). During the same year, Almarai made acquisition with Mead Johnson Nutrition to form a 50-50 joint venture known as the International Pediatric Nutrition Company (IPNC). Ø Product Positioning: The way a firms product, brand or organization is placed on the market so it is easily acceptable and recognizable by the customers. * Almarai launches UHT Flavored Milk with different flavours which are targeted at kids. * Almarai enters into the market of baby food which provided the company the opportunities of expansion into new categories. Price Determination Almarai decides its price on the basis of competition. For example, for a pack of 300ml of Orange with Pulp is priced at Dhs 2.50 instead of Dhs 2.00. This pricing strategy makes consumers perceive the products to be affordable. All other branded products are priced between the ranges from Dhs 2 to Dhs 4. Pricing Strategy Pricing refers to the methods adopted by the companies to price their products or services. The cost to produce and design a product, its cost to distribute and promote it must be included in pricing. Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales for the organization. Ø Cost Based Pricing:Almarai prices its products by following this strategy. It takes into account the cost of production and distribution, and then they decide final pricing for the products. Almarai milk as compared with Nadec Milk is less in price and also gives the same quantity as of Nadec. It is priced at Dhs 9 whereas Nadec Milk at Dhs 10. Ø Product Line Pricing: Pricing different products within the same product range but at different prices. For example, for a pack of 1.75L of Strawberry Juice costs around Dhs 8 whereas for a pack of 1.75L of Orange Juice is priced at Dhs 7. Distribution Channels used Almarai has long-haul fleet which transports raw milk from dairy farms to the Central Processing Plants and then it transports the finished goods from the production site to different designated sales locations. Almarai reaches to more than 42,000 shops within the GCC countries on daily basis. It ensures that the products are properly packed with appropriate temperatures for different products. The transports are specially designed so that the products are not spoiled and last for longer time. Almarai transports the finished to small grocery stores and supermarkets. Almarai enjoys increasing incomes and demands that come from supermarkets where one shop for ones weekly requirement in a single visit. Packaging Packaging means covering or protecting the product with one or more suitable materials for ease in handling, transportation and marketing. Packaging not only differentiates one brand from another but also gives a preview of the product. Almarai ensures that all its products are properly packed and refrigerated in proper temperatures so that the products maintain its fresh nature and quality. Liquid products are transported in those transports which has refrigerator facility so that it does not get spoiled by over time. Almarai mainly emphasis on quality. Packaging is done in a very clear and uncluttered way so that it is easily recognizable. Promotion Almarai promotes its products through adopting various medium so that the product reaches the customers effectively. Newspaper Campaign Front and inner page color advertisements in various popular newspapers like Khaleej Times, 7 Days, Gulf news†¦etc Radio Campaign Emphasizing on the taste promotional and discount factors which attracts flow of customers to buy the product. Discounts The products are given to customers on discount promotional basis which in turn earns not only increase in profit margin but also goodwill among the customers. For example, Recently Almarai gave discounts of Dhs 2 offer reduction on all its pack of 1.75L Juices which was a new attraction even among the competitors. TV Commercials TV ads are considered as the most common medium for promoting the product. Almarai does regular TV commercials on different channels. It makes the advertisement so attractive especially when it comes for Kids products. Billboards and Holdings Almarai uses even this medium to promote its products and also to make people aware of its discounts and offerings. Almarai has such sites in different locations where people presence is more. Questionnaire Dear Sir / Madam, I am a student of University of Bedfordshire conducting a Survey based on Almarai Company for my Marketing Course. I request you to fill this questionnaire. This data will be used only for educational purpose. Name: Gender: Occupation: Age: a) 15 25 b) 25 35 c) 35 45 d) Above 50 1. Do you drink Almarai Juices? a) Yes b) No 2. Which Flavor you like the most? a) Orange b) Mango c) Strawberry d) Lemon e) Guava f) Cocktail g) Mixed Berry h) Apple 3. Which Brand of Juices you like the most? a) Almarai b) Al Rawabi c) Rani d) Caesar e) Masafi f) Lacnor 4. What is the reason behind choosing your brand? a) Tasty b) Price c)Availability d) Like e) Advertisement f) Quality 5. How much Quantity you purchase the most? a) 200ml b) 300ml c) 1.75L d) 1L 6. Have you tried any other Almarai products other than juices? a) Culinary Products (Tinned Cheese, Butter, Ghee, Feta Cheese, Whipping Cream) b) Dairy Liquids (Fresh Laban, Fresh Milk, Flavored Fresh Milk, UHT Milk, Evaporated Milk, Advanced Nutrition) c) Home Snacks (Cream Jar Cheese, Cheddar Jar Cheese, Sliced Cheese, Square Cheese Portions, Block Cheddar, Halloumi Cheese) d) Yoghurts and Desserts (Yoghurt, Fresh Cream, Labneh, Layered Fruit Yoghurt, Stirred Fruit Yoghurt, Sterilized Cream, Desserts) e) Kids Products (Triangled Cheese, UHT Flavored Milk, Zady Drinking Yoghurt, Zady Flavored Yoghurt, Zady Jelly Custard, Zady Fruit Dairy Snack) 7. Attractive discounts are offered? a) Agree b) Disagree c) Neutral 8. Are you satisfied with the Quality? a) Agree b) Disagree c) Neutral 9. Would you recommend Almarai products to your friends? a) Agree b) Disagree c) Neutral 10. What is your overall opinion about Almarai? a) Very Good b) Good c) Bad d) Very Bad e) Neutral

Christopher Marlowe :: essays papers

Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe: what did he contribute to English literature and how is his writing reflective of the style of the times? Christopher Marlowe contributed greatly to English literature. He developed a new metre which has become one of the most popular in English literary history, and he revitalised a dying form of English drama. His short life was apparently violent and the man himself was supposedly of a volatile temperament, yet he managed to write some of the most delicate and beautiful works on record. His writing is representative of the spirit of the Elizabethan literature in his attitude towards religion, his choice of writing style and in the metre that he used. Christopher Marlowe was born in 1564 the son of a Canterbury shoemaker and was an exact contemporary of Shakespeare. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He became a BA in 1584 and a MA in 1587. He seems to have been of a violent nature and was often in trouble with the law. He made many trips to the continent during his short lifetime and it has been suggested that these visits were related to espionage. In 1589 he was involved in a street brawl which resulted in a man's death. An injunction was brought against him three years later by the constable of Shoreditch in relation to that death. In 1592 he was deported from the Netherlands after attempting to issue forged gold coins. On the 30th of May 1593 he was killed by Ingram Frizer in a Deptford tavern after a quarrel over the bill. He was only 29 years old. During the middle ages, culture and government were influenced greatly by the Church of Rome. The Reformation of Henry VIII (1529-39), and the break of ties with that church meant that the monarch was now supreme governor. This altered the whole balance of political and religious life, and, consequently, was the balance of literature, art and thought. The literature of Elizabethan England was based on the crown. This period of literature (1558-1625) is outstanding because of its range of interests and vitality of language. Drama was the chief form of Elizabethan art because there was an influx of writers trying to emulate speech in their writing, and because of the suddenly expanded vocabulary writers were using (most of these new words came from foreign languages). Marlowe's plays comprise The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage (possibly with some collaboration from Nashe), Tamburlaine parts one and two, The Jew of Malta, Edward II, Dr.

Family and Dolls

Hinamatsuri Hinamatsuri ( ) is a girls’ festival in Japan which is on 3 March. At this festival, parents will put a display stage for their daughters that dolls wearing Wafuku and small furniture from the top to the bottom. Although this festival is not an official holiday in Japan, all of the family members will be together to bless girls for growing up happily and healthily to be an adult. It is very fastidious about the location of the dolls in the display stage. Usually, the top is a pair of emperor-Obina ( and empress-Mebina ( ) with a miniature gilded screen placed behind them like am imperial court. The second stage is Sannin Kanjo ( ), Kuwae no Choushi ( ), Sanpou ( ), and Nagae no Choushi ( ). The third stage is a Gonin BayashiI ( ), Kozutsumi ( ), Fue (? ), Utaikata ( ), Ookawa ( ), and Taiko ( ). The fourth stage is two Zuishiin ( ), Udaijin ( ) and Sadaijin ( ), with some food between them. The fifth stage is three servants and Ukon no Tachibana ( and Sakon no Sasu ra ( ). The sixth stage is some little dowry furniture. The seventh stage is car, cage, and sedan chair, etc. There are totally 15 dolls and 7 stages. Adding up with some other decorations, it would be more expensive. However, there has other choice for 1 stage, 3 stages or 5 stages. These dolls can be generation. When daughter get married, mother would give her daughter these dolls as dowry. Usually, people will put this display 1 or 2 weeks before 3 March.

Good Learning Essay

What are learning outcomes? Learning outcomes specify what learners’ new behaviours will be after a learning experience. They state the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that the students will gain through your course. Learning outcomes begin with an action verb and describe something observable or measurable. Examples At the end of this course you will be able to: 1. Use change theory to develop family-centred care within the context of nursing practice. 2. Design improved bias circuits using negative feedback. 3. Demonstrate the safe use of welding equipment. Learning outcomes often represent discrete units of instruction in a course but each may have several sub-outcomes. Learning outcomes need not be attained by specific instruction in a lesson—they may be woven throughout the course. For example, they may include such things as use problem solving techniques or work effectively in teams. Why are learning outcomes important? Learning outcomes are the most important section of your course outline—the essence of your course. They are essential because they: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ define the type and depth of learning students are expected to achieve provide an  objective benchmark for formative, summative, and prior learning assessment clearly communicate expectations to learners clearly communicate graduates’ skills to prospective employers* define coherent units of learning that can be further subdivided or modularized for classroom or for other delivery modes. †¢ guide and organize the instructor and the learner. *By reading your listed learning outcomes, an employer or professional in the field should be able to identify what knowledge, skills, and attitudes your students will be able to offer them after taking your course. How do learning outcomes fit into program goals? Learning outcomes for a course should fit within the overall course and program goals. This chart shows how they relate. Program aim and goals Course goals Learning outcomes (Competencies) Sub-outcomes (Learning Tasks) 2 †¢ Instructional Job Aid Write Learning Outcomes How many learning outcomes should there be? There should be as many outcomes as needed to clearly reflect what the students will gain from your course. Follow these rough guidelines when deciding how many you need: †¢ Each major topic in the course should have one to three learning outcomes. †¢ Each 45-hour or three-credit course should have between five and 12 learning outcomes. When you are writing the outcomes, you will use only one action verb per outcome. For example, you would use two learning outcome statements for designing and testing a circuit: 1. Design improved bias circuits using negative feedback. 2. Test bias circuits using negative feedback. Sub-outcomes Each learning outcome may be made more explicit by using several sub-outcomes. For example: Learning Outcome 1: Study productively to meet learning goals. Sub-outcome 1. 1: Identify effective generic and personal study habits. Sub-outcome 1. 2: Describe self-motivation strategies. Sub-outcome 1. 3: Select appropriate study techniques to match your personal style and material. Learning Outcome 2: Manage stress constructively. Sub-outcome 2. 1: Identify potential sources of stress. Sub-outcome 2. 2: Predict generic and personal stress patterns. Sub-outcome 2. 3: Select appropriate stress management techniques to prevent or control stress. Sub-outcome 2. 4: Create a personal stress management plan. Learning Outcome 3: Install electrical wiring safely. Sub-outcome 3. 1: Identify relevant sections of the Canadian Electrical Code. Sub-outcome 3. 2: Describe electrical hazards. Sub-outcome 3. 3: Select appropriate tools and materials. Sub-outcome 3. 4: Identify safety rules about wiring on the job site. Sub-outcome 3. 5: Apply safety rules as you wire a circuit. Instructional Job Aid †¢ 3 Write Learning Outcomes Classifying learning outcomes When specifying learning outcomes, think about what you want students to be able to do on the job as a result of their learning. These things fall into three possible categories (domains): †¢ thinking, knowledge (cognitive domain) †¢ doing, skills (psychomotor domain) †¢ feeling, attitudes (affective domain) Of course, some units of learning may occur in more than one domain  at the same time. Each of these categories has different possible levels of learning. These range from simple recall or observation to the complex evaluation or organization of information. Choosing appropriate action verbs The charts on pages 5 to 7 show samples of the action verbs you could use for learning outcomes in each of these categories and levels. Make sure that the verbs you choose match the level of learning you require. Notice that the action verbs listed represent measurable or observable behaviours. Vague verbs such as know or understand are not easily measurable. Substitute, identify, define, describe, or demonstrate. Some subjective terms such as appreciate and be aware of may sometimes be used for outcomes in the affective domain. As you construct your learning outcomes, use the checklist on the back of this job aid. It will remind you of all the important points about learning outcomes. 4 †¢ Instructional Job Aid Cognitive Domain Evaluation Definition: (thinking, knowledge) Synthesis Definition: Judges the value of material for a given purpose. Analysis Definition: Formulates new structures from existing knowledge and skills. Sample Verbs: Comprehension Definition: ? assess ? conclude ? evaluate ? interpret ? justify ? select ? support Knowledge Definition: Remembers previously learned material. Grasps the meaning of material (lowest level of understanding). Sample Verbs: ? describe ? discuss ? explain ? locate ? paraphrase ? give example ? translate Sample Verbs: ? define ? identify ? label ? list ? name ? recall ? state Understands both the Application content and structure of Sample Verbs: material. ? combine Definition: ? construct Uses learning in new ? design and concrete situations Sample Verbs: ? develop (higher level of ? analyze ? generate understanding). ? categorize ? plan ? compare ? propose ? contrast Sample Verbs: ? differentiate ? apply ? discriminate ? carry out ? outline ? demonstrate ? illustrate ? prepare ? solve ? use Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid †¢ 5 Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S. Bloom Editor. 1956 6 †¢ Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid (doing, skills) Adaption Complete Overt Definition: Response Definition: Psychomotor Domain Organization Creates new patterns for specific situations. Mechanism Definition: Performs automatically. Adapts skill sets to meet a problem situation. Sample Verbs: Guided Response Definition: Sample Verbs: Set Definition: Imitates and practices skills, often in discrete steps. Perception Definition: ? adapts ? reorganizes ? alters ? revises ? changes ? designs ? originates ? combines ? composes ? constructs Definition: Sample Verbs: ? copy ? duplicate ? imitate ? manipulate with guidance ? operate under supervision ? practice ? repeat ? try Senses cues that guide motor activity. Is mentally, emotionally, and physically ready to act. Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: ? detect ? hear ? listen ? observe ? perceive ? recognize ? see ? sense ? smell ? taste ? view ? watch  ? achieve a posture ? assume a body stance ? establish a body position ? place hands, arms, etc. ? position the body ? sit ? stand ? station Performs acts with increasing efficiency, Sample Verbs: confidence, and ? act habitually proficiency. ? advance with assurance ? control Sample Verbs: ? direct ? complete with ? excel confidence ? guide ? conduct ? maintain efficiency ? demonstrate ? manage ? execute ? master ? improve efficiency ? organize ? increase speed ? perfect ? make ? perform ? pace automatically ? produce ? proceed ? show dexterity Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S.  Bloom Editor. 1956 Affective Domain Internalizing Definition: (feeling, attitudes) Organization Definition: Integrates the value into a value system that controls behavior. Valuing Definition: Responding Definition: Responds to stimuli. Attaches value or worth to something. Conceptualizes the value and resolves conflict between it and other values. Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: Receiving Sample Verbs: Sample Verbs: Definition ? act upon ? advocate ? defend ? exemplify ? influence ? justify behavior ? maintain ? serve ? support Selectively attends to stimuli. Sample Verbs: ? accept ? acknowledge ? be aware ? listen ? notice ? pay attention ? tolerate ? agree to ? answer freely ? assist ? care for ? communicate ? comply ? conform ? consent ? contribute ? cooperate ? follow ? obey ? participate willingly ? read voluntarily ? respond ? visit ? volunteer ? adopt ? assume responsibility ? behave according to ? choose ? commit ? desire ? exhibit loyalty ? express ? initiate ? prefer ? seek ? show concern ? show continual desire to ? use resources to ? adapt ? adjust ? arrange ? balance ? classify ? conceptualize ? formulate ? group ? organize ? rank ? theorize Write Learning Outcomes Instructional Job Aid. †¢ 7 Based on â€Å"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives†, B. S. Bloom Editor. 1956 Checklist for writing learning outcomes Use the following checklist to help you as you write learning outcomes. When writing learning outcomes, I need to: 1. Focus on outcomes, not processes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 2. Start each outcome with an action verb. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 3. Use only one action verb per learning outcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 4. Avoid vague verbs such as know and understand. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 5. Check that the verbs used reflect the level of learning required. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 6. Ensure that outcomes are observable and measurable. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 7. Write the outcomes in terms of what the learner does, not what the instructor does. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 8. Check that the outcomes reflect knowledge, skills, or attitudes required in the workplace. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 9. Include outcomes that are woven into the entire course (such as work effectively in teams). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ! 10. Check that there are the appropriate number of outcomes (no more than three per major topic) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! 11. List the sub-outcomes for each outcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ! 12. Check that the outcomes fit within program and course goals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. !  ©1996, revised 2003 Learning Resources Unit †¢ British Columbia Institute of Technology Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the Learning Resources Unit, British Columbia Institute of Technology.

Free Essays on Letter Of Reference

XYZ Company 123 XYZ Way New York City NY 12345 (123) 555-0000 Fax (123) 555-0001 February 1, 2000 To Whom it May Concern: I've been Holly Smith's manager for over six years. While I wish her only the best and fully understand that she must advance her career, I'm truly sorry to see her go. It has been a pleasure having her on my team. Holly is a professional technical writer of the highest caliber, who meticulously researches, formats, edits and proofs her documents. I've received many compliments from customers who rely on Holly's documentation. Management and personnel in tech support, engineering, technical training, and other departments praise her work. Holly is an innovative self-starter, who rarely needs supervision. She is punctual and typically exceeds expectations. She handles pressure well, and will voluntarily work overtime and take work home to meet a deadline. For example, we received a rush order from one of our customers for a complex product modification, including critical user documentation. Holly not only made the extremely tight deadline, but beat it; yet she still produced a stellar, technically-accurate addendum for the standard user manual. Sales, marketing, training and engineering were quite pleased with Holly's performance in this crunch. Even our CEO was impressed, and our customer was ecstatic. This is just one example among many of Holly's superior skills and admirable work ethics. Holly is an invaluable asset to any technical communications department, and I highly recommend hiring her. If you'd like to discuss her attributes in more detail, please don't hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, John Doe John Doe Manager, Technical Communications Ext. 245, jdoe@xyzco.com... Free Essays on Letter Of Reference Free Essays on Letter Of Reference XYZ Company 123 XYZ Way New York City NY 12345 (123) 555-0000 Fax (123) 555-0001 February 1, 2000 To Whom it May Concern: I've been Holly Smith's manager for over six years. While I wish her only the best and fully understand that she must advance her career, I'm truly sorry to see her go. It has been a pleasure having her on my team. Holly is a professional technical writer of the highest caliber, who meticulously researches, formats, edits and proofs her documents. I've received many compliments from customers who rely on Holly's documentation. Management and personnel in tech support, engineering, technical training, and other departments praise her work. Holly is an innovative self-starter, who rarely needs supervision. She is punctual and typically exceeds expectations. She handles pressure well, and will voluntarily work overtime and take work home to meet a deadline. For example, we received a rush order from one of our customers for a complex product modification, including critical user documentation. Holly not only made the extremely tight deadline, but beat it; yet she still produced a stellar, technically-accurate addendum for the standard user manual. Sales, marketing, training and engineering were quite pleased with Holly's performance in this crunch. Even our CEO was impressed, and our customer was ecstatic. This is just one example among many of Holly's superior skills and admirable work ethics. Holly is an invaluable asset to any technical communications department, and I highly recommend hiring her. If you'd like to discuss her attributes in more detail, please don't hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, John Doe John Doe Manager, Technical Communications Ext. 245, jdoe@xyzco.com...

Research Project - Strategic Recommendations Paper

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Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Business Law - Essay Example dismissing the contract because they no longer have confidence in Lewis to continue with the business because he does not have sufficient equipment, but they will still win so long as they demonstrate that there is an existing law, which is related to the issue of market price. In addition, the court may not be able to grant a summary of judgment if both parties dispute against a material fact. In this case, Lewis can defend himself by providing evidence that such law does not exist, or that it affect their contract, if it exists (Jorgensen 250). Both Nine Mile Mine and Lewis can defend their position; in support of the motion or opposition of the motion respectively, by use of information obtained during the initial stages of the proceedings, such as answers to interrogatories, deposition testimony, and answers to wishes for production. In addition, the disputing parties can use affidavits from experts to oppose or support the motion. If any parties lose on the judgment, then they are free to seek appeal, though the chances of overturning summary judgments on appeal are extremely rare (Jorgensen

Credit Crisis(Subprime) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Credit Crisis(Subprime) - Essay Example However, when interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to decline, refinancing became more difficult and subprime borrowers were unable to make their mortgage payments, which resulted in a continuous subprime cycle throughout all markets in the United States. Subprime borrowers were unable to pay their mortgage payments, so several financial institutions made the effective financing approach by issuing financial agreements called Collaterized Debt Obligation (CDO), mortgaged-backed securities (MBS) and a form of credit insurance called Credit Default Swaps (CDS) to sell to investors across the world to invest in the U.S. Graph 1 illustrates that the growth of CDOs issued increased dramatically from 2004 to 2006, then dropped slightly in 2007. These types of financial innovations derived value from increasing in mortgage payments and housing prices, becoming popular. The usages of the product expanded dramatically. The financial innovation was carried out by firms whose activities were not regulated. The transactions became too complex and the policies were inclined to support deregulation of the financial market, sometimes being loose of supervision. The subprime mortgage crisis thus became a full-fledged financial crisis, and turned to a collapse in financial markets. As the subprime crisis intensified, financial institutions faced difficulties in raising capital forced default protection, and sellers (such as Northern Rock and American International Group (AIG) were reducing credit ratings. This left depositors with no confidence in the stability of financial institutions and they began to withdraw their deposits, which was the main cause of bankruptcy of financial institutions. For example, due to the bankruptcy of one major institution like the AIG, it brought down the whole financial system. In the beginning of 2008, â€Å"The Bear Stearns Companies,

Similar Themes in Different Stories Essay Example for Free

Similar Themes in Different Stories Essay Literature is universal. Literature speaks of universal human experience that readers and authors alike can relate to. Because of its universality, themes and messages in literature can be common in various texts. In fact, two different pieces of literature may exhibit similar qualities even if they were written by different authors. Such is the case for â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles and â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare. Both plays share the concept of uncertain vision. Othello also shares a similar concept with Henrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll’s House;† in both plays, a malevolent character is responsible for the destruction of a marriage. Literature is indeed universal, as the messages it conveys are shared by different texts. Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† carry a similar theme. Both plays share the theme of sight and blindness (NovelGuide). The texts illustrate how people who are blessed with the gift of sight can still be blind to what is really happening around them. Within this theme, there exists the concept of uncertain vision: the impairment of one’s perception. This impairment can result in the failure to differentiate between what appears to be and what really is. In both plays, the lead character is characterized with uncertain vision. It is their uncertain vision that drives the play forward, and leads the character into his demise. On one hand, the uncertain vision as exhibited by Oedipus was brought upon him by fate. From the moment his fate was revealed, people tried to prevent its fulfillment by changing the course of events. According to the oracle, Oedipus was destined to kill his own father and marry his own mother (Sophocles). Despite attempts to alter fate, Oedipus still lived his life as the oracle revealed. When a plague fell upon Thebes, Oedipus sought out a way to end it. Creon returned with word from the oracle, stating that the only way to end the plague is to punish the man who killed King Laius. According to Creon, â€Å"In this land, said the god; ‘who seeks shall find; /Who sits with folded hands or sleeps is blind† (Sophocles). This started Oedipus’ quest for the truth, which eventually led to the discovery of his destiny. When Oedipus mocked the blind seer Teiresias, this is what the latter said: â€Å"thou hast eyes, /Yet see’st not in what misery thou art fallen, / Nor where thou dwellest nor with whom for mate† (Sophocles). The passage states that while a blind man like Teiresias knows the truth, Oedipus is completely blind from it. On the other hand, the uncertain vision in Othello’s case was presented in different way. If Oedipus’ uncertain vision was brought about by fate, Othello’s uncertain vision was initiated by man. Just like Oedipus the King, the theme of Othello is also sight and blindness. The character of Othello is the most blind, as he was convinced by Iago that his wife Desdemona was cheating without seeing firsthand any evidence of her infidelity (Shakespeare). Rather, Othello was persuaded by Iago’s words and planted scenarios. The latter’s efforts impaired the former’s judgment, disabling him to distinguish between his wife’s truth and his colleague’s lies. In Act V Scene II, Lodovico said to Iago: â€Å"This is thy work: the object poisons sight† (Shakespeare). This passage states that it was Iago’s actions that altered Othello’s perception and poisoned his mind. Thus, Iago was responsible for Othello’s uncertain vision. Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† is also similar to yet another play, â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen. In both plays, a character seeks to ruin a marriage. In Othello, it was Iago who ruined the marriage of Othello and Desdemona. In A Doll’s House, it was Nils Krogstad who sought to break up Nora and Torvald Helmer. However, the difference lies in the motive of each character. Iago wanted to ruin Othello’s marriage as revenge. In Act I Scene 3, Iago directly expresses his feelings for Othello: â€Å"I hate the Moor† (Shakespeare). Iago has two main reasons to hate Othello: first, he married Desdemona whom Iago loved, and second, he chose Cassioto be the lieutenant instead of him. He wanted to punish Othello by making him accuse his wife of infidelity. In Act 2 Scene 1, Iago states: â€Å"Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor/ At least into a jealousy so strong/ That judgment cannot cure† (Shakespeare). In Act I Scene 3, Iago, he makes his intentions clear: â€Å"After some time, to abuse Othello’s ear/ That he is too familiar with his wife. / He hath a person and a smooth dispose/ To be suspected, framed to make woman false† (Shakespeare). Because he made Othello suspicious of Desdemona, Iago was indeed responsible for the failure of Othello’s marriage. On the other hand, Krogstad never planned to ruin the marriage of the Helmers. He was working at the same bank where Torvald Helmer works, and his employment was terminated because he was accused of forgery (Ibsen). He was desperate to keep his job; when Nora refused to help him, he was forced to reveal to Torvald the debt that Nora owed him. He never intended to destroy the marriage; he was simply trying to remain employed. In Act I, Krogstad said to Nora: â€Å"My sons are growing up; for their sake I must try and win back as much respect as I can in the town. This post in the Bank was like the first step up for me—and now your husband is going to kick me downstairs again into the mud† (Ibsen). Krogstad thought that blackmail was the only means through which he could keep his job. In Act II, he said: â€Å"I want to get on, I tell you. I want to get into the Bank again, in a higher position. Your husband must make a place for me† (Ibsen). Unlike Iago, Krogstad was not responsible for the demise of the Helmers’ marriage. What really ended the marriage was Nora’s realization that she was merely a doll in the house. In the words of Nora to Torvald, â€Å"You have never loved me. You have only thought it pleasant to be in love with me† (Ibsen). â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles, â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare and â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen are three distinct plays by three different authors. Despite the apparent difference, all three works are connected because of inherent similarities. The first two plays are similar in relation to its theme, while the last two plays are alike because of the role of a character which is instrumental in the destruction of a marriage. Indeed, literature proves its universality through the unintended similarities embedded in different texts. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House. † Project Gutenberg. 22 Feb. 2004. 3 Sept. 2008 http://www. gutenberg. org/dirs/etext01/dlshs11h. htm. â€Å"Novel Analysis: Oedipus the King. † NovelGuide. 2008. 3 Sept. 2008 http://www. novelguide. com/oedipustheking/themeanalysis. html. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Othello. † The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. 2000 Nov. 13. 3 Sept. 2008 http://shakespeare. mit. edu/othello/full. html. Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus the King. † Trans. F. Storr. Project Gutenberg. 1912. 3 Sept. 2008 http://www. gutenberg. org/files/31/31-h/31-h. htm.

Should Uber be Banned in London?

Should Uber be Banned in London? On September 22nd, 2017, the city of London, England declared that it will not re-issue Uber Technologies Inc.’s (â€Å"Uber† or the â€Å"Company†) private-car hiring license that was set to expire on September 30th, 2017. The months following led to an appeal to Transport for London (â€Å"TFL†) by Uber, which become a stalled and slow process that ultimately could take years to move forward. While the appeal could take up to a year to fully process, the commissioner of TFL, Mike Brown, and Uber were able to converse in early November over potential resolutions prior to Uber’s hearing in December (Smith, 2017). Although talks between the Company and TFL ultimately have not become deciding factors in the appeal, they are important in creating a professional dialogue between the two bodies. As the Company has tried its best to develop a relationship with the city of London, two Uber employees came into the public eye. Yaseen Aslam and James Farrar, two Uber drivers based in London won a legal dispute on behalf of a group of nineteen Uber drivers in early November. The dispute, which involved the category in which Uber drivers were to be placed, ended with upholding regulation to deem all drivers as workers for Uber rather than self-employed. This regulation enforces the Company to pay all of its workers a minimum wage, allow time off, and holiday pay (Rao, 2017). Another defeat in UK’s court system has not only damaged Uber’s reputation in the island nation even more but made the company’s London division increasingly susceptible to an unfavorable outcome in its upcoming December hearing. Financially, Uber has done very well, especially in the United Kingdom. Boasting over 3.5 Million users in London alone (Cummins), the giant ‘ride-share’ service company keeps over 40,000 people employed in the city (Rao, 2017). Simply put, Uber’s status as a licensed taxi or ‘ride-share’ service is very important to the economy of London and its people. Stakeholders in the company’s continued operation in the British capital include local users as well as far-reaching shareholders spanning the globe. It is because of Uber’s large role that we need to pose the question, â€Å"Should Uber be allowed to operate in London with less restrictive regulation than other taxi services?†. Stakeholder(s) Stakes Transport for London, governmental organization TFL’s stake is the well-being and protection of its citizens from malpractices and the legality of business operations dealing in transportation. Due to their power as the decision maker in renewing Uber’s license in London, they are considered one of the most powerful stakeholders. Uber driversDrivers of Uber are one of the most urgent and legitimate stakeholders because of the direct impact the decision would make on their jobs and careers. Uber drivers outside of London While not directly impacted by the outcome, Uber’s international drivers are affected by the possibility of other cities following in London’s footsteps of barring Uber. Uber clients in LondonUber is fairly popular in London, with 40% of the population having used Uber at one point. Their clients would have to find an alternative, such as using Black Cabs, which are generally more expensive. They are directly impacted by the outcome and the refore can be considered an urgent stakeholder as well as a legitimate one. Uber Shareholders/Investors As 5% of all of Uber’s revenue stream, London’s consumer base for Uber is a considerable market. Losing this market could dissuade potential and current investors and shareholders through lost faith in the company. These investors and shareholders are responsible for Uber’s existence as a company which makes them a very powerful, urgent, and legitimate group of stakeholders. New Car sales companies Since most Uber drivers use their own cars for transportation, and some Uber drivers buy and lease cars specifically so they can get potential discounts, the outcome of this decision will materially impact car sales. London Public Transit Commuters If Uber loses its license, there is a good chance that previous Uber clients will opt for public transportation which is a cheap alternative, causing a large influx of commuters and crowding the already crowded public tra nsportation options. London police Uber is well known to use anti-law enforcement business tactics. There is the distinct potential that if Uber’s right to operate is revoked, they may still operate under-the-radar causing more work for London’s police to make sure Uber is compliant with their laws. London’s air qualityLondon is notorious for having one of the worst air qualities in the EU, and reducing the number of people driving will help improve the air quality situation. This affects all Londoners and tourists. Gas stations Uber contributes to a decent amount of various gas station’s revenues, as their business is to drive all day which consumes gasoline. Reducing the amount and frequency of which people drive will affect their revenues as well. Black cab companies Black cab companies want the rule to be upheld, as they will directly benefit from Uber losing their license, as they are (an albeit expensive) substitute for Uber’s services. Black cab drivers Similar to the Black Cab company itself, black cab drivers only make money (generally) when they are driving clients. Since they will see an increase in volume, the black cab drivers will make more money. TX4 Hackney Carriage Black Cab manufacturers As the manufacturer of ‘black cabs’ TX4 has a direct stake in the decision determining Uber’s fate in London. With Uber gone the company can continue producing the same black cab’s that are part of London’s large private taxi service. Rental car companies Uber has a rental car program with some rental car companies so not all Uber drivers have to own their car. If Uber were to get pulled out of London, the revenues of London rental car companies would suffer as a direct result. The London Underground transportation service and system The London Underground will similarly profit as the black cab companies due to the relationship of being a substitute to Uber as well. London Banks When people or car sales companies buy cars, they get a loan from a bank. Fewer cars being sold reduces new loan volume. Additionally, Uber drivers relying on their job to pay off the car loan may be forced to sell or remit their car to the Bank. London Car commuters A reduced volume of drivers on the road will favor car commuters, reducing traffic and congestion. However, Uber clients who are new or are returning to driving their own car could pose a risk to current car commuters because of driving inexperience and unfamiliarity. Local wildlife, in and surrounding London. (Hawks, Foxes, Badgers, Ducks, Deer, and Others) Poor air quality, light pollution, and noise pollution all affect the local London wildlife. With more Uber drivers, especially those who are new to the London area, comes a greater chance of local wildlife having incidents with motor vehicles. Environmental activists (Love Clean Air, Client Earth, EPUK, EEA, LSx, WWF, and Others) Since London’s air quality and wildlife will not speak for itself, activist groups that represent both of these stakeholder groups will likely push for Uber to lose its operating license for the reasons that are stated in their respective sections. London Tourists Since Uber is the current combination of the cheapest and most convenient option for tourists, they will have to find alternate forms of transportation which may be either more expensive (cabs) or less convenient (transit). Potential Actions & Implications There are three clear potential actions that the Transport for London can take to resolve our ethical question, â€Å"Should Uber be allowed to operate in London with less restrictive regulation than other taxi services?† along with doing what is best for the Stakeholders involved on a legal and economic scale. They have the option of continuing to treat Uber as they currently are and apply no extra regulation or restrictions to Uber’s operations, create new regulation to specifically address Uber’s operations, or decide to let Uber’s operation permit expire thusly eliminating Uber from London. For the first option, letting Uber retain its current operations and re-instating its operations permit, Transport for London would continue to support Uber as â€Å"ride-share† service as opposed to a taxi service. The implications of this are that Transport for London would be encouraging the demise of the Black Cab industry in its current state, forcing either closure of said companies or a prompting the creation of new business models. In doing so, there could potentially be long-term benefits for the general London community who use ride-share and taxi services as their primary mode of transportation. This is because the Black Cab companies would be now directly competing with their modified business plans against Uber and any competition between companies is always good for consumers. Other stakeholders, such as car sales companies, other services that compliment car sales, gas stations, Uber drivers, Uber Investors, and London Tourists would similarly benefit from this decision. If Uber was allowed to continue operations as it currently is, this would have repercussions on stakeholders such as London’s police, The London Underground, the Black Cab companies and associated stakeholders, Transport for London as a governmental body, London’s air quality, London’s local wildlife, and the local London activist groups for the environment and wildlife such as detailed in the stakeholder table above. Uber is well known for its practices regarding law enforcement evasion through its â€Å"Greyball† program, which its sole purpose is to identify and blacklist any law enforcement personnel from using Uber’s services which is both a short-term issue and if it persists, can turn into a long-term issue. It can turn into a long-term issue because as well when trying to make sure Uber is compliant with government regulations, as it will be difficult to get an unbiased audit of Uber’s operations that are conducted by a law enforcement agency. The Black Cab companies and associated stakeholders along with the London Underground will continue to lose profits and employees unless they change their business models. This can make or break the Black Cab industry, as these Black Cab companies are almost as old as London itself and have not changed their business model since then. The environment and wildlife in and surrounding London will continue to have a deteriorating quality-of-life, because of the stated reasons in the Stakeholder table. These will have some measurable immediate impact, but the long-term effects are the most worrisome where pollution reaches a point of no return and is incurable. Because these detriments exceed the benefits that would be provided by letting Uber retain their operations license, this is not a recommended answer to our question. For the second option, letting Uber continue operations but with additional regulations, the Transport for London body would invoke regulations regarding Uber similar to those that apply to the Black Cab industry. Contrasting with the first option, this would potentially allow the Black Cab industry to survive under its current business model, albeit with a shift in pricing to efficiently compete with Uber. This would benefit the Black Cab industry to an extent, Uber and Black Cab users, car sales companies and associated services, gas stations, Uber investors, and Uber drivers. However, this decision would have repercussions on other stakeholders as well. Similar to the first option, the London police, The London Underground, Transport for London as a governmental body, London’s air quality, London’s local wildlife, and the local London activist groups for the environment and wildlife would also be negatively impacted by this course of action. Letting Uber continue operations but being restricted by additional regulations is a better solution than the first option because it benefits more stakeholders. However, it is still not our recommended solution. The negative impact that stems from letting Uber operate in London is too great a cost compared to letting their operations license expire. The third solution is to let Uber’s operation license expire. This recommendation is the complete opposite of the first solution and as a result, would imply Transport for London is condemning Uber. This would have inverse benefits and drawbacks as the first solution as well, meaning it would benefit London’s police, The London Underground, the Black Cab companies and associated stakeholders, Transport for London as a governmental body, London’s air quality, London’s local wildlife, and the local London activist groups for the environment and wildlife. Since Uber would no longer be able to operate in London, it would be a huge win for the Black Cab industry as a whole and would help London preserve its age-old transportation of choice. Additionally, the surrounding wildlife and atmosphere would benefit from the reduction of cars on the road and new drivers to the area. London’s police would no longer have to conduct wild-goose chases to make sure Uber is compliant with Transport for London’s regulations. Overall, it would be a benefit to the local London community. This would imply that Transport for London has London’s best interests at heart. Like with all decisions, there are costs associated with making said decisions. Uber moving out of London would be bad for Uber as a company, its employees, its investors, gasoline companies, and car sales and associated stakeholders. Most of these stakeholders are not from London, nor are residents in the UK. However, they are having a large negative impact on London as a whole, compared to the benefits they bring. This is our recommended solution. Recommendation & Cost of Implementation: As chair of Transport for London, I, Sadiq Khan, believe that the most ethical and overall best way to proceed with Uber in London is to recommend that they remain ineligible to renew their license and that no change be made to their status. With their current disregard for minimum wage and basic benefit packages for their employees, they violate London’s idea of operating under business practices deemed, ‘fine and proper’. By doing so I believe that we will be upholding the quality that Londoners have come to expect out of everyday businesses while also doing what we at TFL believe is best for our historic city. This will, in turn, mitigate possible blowback by the community for allowing Uber to continue operations that financially damage London’s public transportation and Black Cabs. There is a multitude of costs associated with this option, many of which must be estimated due to Uber’s financial records being strictly private between the company and perhaps investors (non-public corporation). As a company, which has over 40 thousand employees in London (as stated prior), it is fairly obvious that many people who work full time as ‘ride share’ drivers will be negatively affected by this decision. Since Uber has been deemed a taxi service in early November and thus must pay minimum wage ( £9.15 an hour) to employees in the United Kingdom, there is a possibility of a people losing upwards of  £380,640,000 (Assuming only half of all drivers in London are full time) each year and more, should they apply for unemployment due to the decision. This is, of course, an estimate and not a real working number of pounds lost by employees but while an estimate, it is not a figure that we at TFL take lightly. Since keeping this decision would essentially be changing nothing in terms of a recommendation, financial costs by the city of London, and Transport for London would be minimal to non-existent. That being said some businesses would suffer somewhat, such as car companies and automobile dealers in our city who have deals with Uber to rent and sell cars for the sole purpose of being used by the Company’s drivers. To add, there could be a small loss in terms of sales by gas stations, though it would possibly be partially offset by the increased use of Black Cabs and personal vehicles by the general public. Finally, a cost in terms of tax lost by Uber’s exile from operating in London would go unnoticed except for in the case of employee’s taxes, seeing as the company does not pay a large amount in taxes. In 2015, Uber’s London division only paid  £411,000 in taxes while making over  £23 Million (Bowers 2016). It’s safe to say a city such as ours, will not miss what little Uber had to offer both London and its people.  Ã‚   Overall the costs of implementing a solution that is already in effect register no change in current costs. Since finding Uber to be an unethical business dealing in unfair and otherwise unregulated business practices since this decision, we know that the Company is not one that we as a city can stand. References: Smith, Rebecca. â€Å"TFL Boss Plans Fresh Talks With Uber’s Chief Executive Officer Over Loss of London License† City AM (November 6, 2017) Rao, Prashant. â€Å"Uber Hit With New Blow in London as Panel says Drivers Aren’t Self-Employed† The New York Times (November 10, 2017) Cummins, Chip. Uber Is Losing Its Car-Hire License in London. What Happened? The Wall Street Journal (2017). . Bowers, Simon. â€Å"Uber’s Main UK Business Paid Only  £411,000 in Tax Last Year† The Guardian  (October 10, 2016)